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January 27th, 2010 admin No comments

same jeans lyrics the view

Marc Bolan

Biography

Early life and career

The son of a lorry driver, Bolan grew up in post-war Hackney, East London, amongst a Jewish family, and later lived in Wimbledon, southwest London. He fell in love with the rock and roll of Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Arthur Crudup and Chuck Berry[citation needed] at an early age and became a Mod, hanging around coffee bars such as the 2 I’s in Soho. He appeared in an episode of the television show Orlando as a Mod extra.

At the age of nine, Bolan was given his first guitar and began a skiffle band shortly after, and at fifteen, he left school “by mutual consent.”

Plaque marking Marc Bolan’s childhood home, 25 Stoke Newington Common, Hackney. (November 2005)

He briefly joined a modelling agency and became a “John Temple Boy,” appearing in a clothing catalogue for the menswear store. He was used as a model for their suits in their catalogues as well as a model for cardboard cut-outs to be displayed in shop windows. “TOWN” Magazine featured him as an early example of the Mod movement in a photo spread with a couple of other “faces”.

Marc Feld had changed his name to Toby Tyler when he met and moved in with child actor Allan Warren, who was to become his first manager. Warren saw Toby Tyler’s potential whilst Toby spent hours sitting cross-legged on Warren’s floor playing his acoustic guitar. Warren then took him to the photographer Michael McGrath and commissioned a series of photographs. Warren then hired a recording studio and had Bolan’s first acetates cut. One track being the Bob Dylan song ‘ Blowing in the wind‘. Also a version of Betty Everett’s “You’re No Good” which was later submitted to EMI for a test screening but they turned down the then Toby Tyler. Warren later sold Marc’s contract and recordings for 200.00 to his landlord, property mogul David Kirch, in lieu of three months back rent. Kirch was far too busy with his property empire to do anything for him. A year or so later, Marc’s mother pushed into Kirch’s office and shouted at him that he had done nothing for her son. She demand he tear up the contract and willingly he complied.

The tapes produced during the Toby Tyler recording session vanished from thought and mind for over twenty-five years before resurfacing in 1991 and selling for nearly eight thousand dollars. Their eventual release on CD in 1993 made available the earliest of Marc’s known recordings.

After changing his name again to Marc Bolan (via Mark Bowland) while with Decca Records he released his first single “The Wizard.” In early 1967 Manager Simon Napier Bell added him to the Pop-Art/mod band John’s Children, which achieved some success as a live band but sold few records. A John’s Children single written by Marc Bolan called “Desdemona” was banned by the BBC for its line “lift up your skirt and fly.” His tenure with the band was brief. Bolan claimed to have spent time with a wizard in Paris who allegedly gave him secret knowledge and could levitate. The time spent with him was often alluded to but remained “mythical”; in reality the wizard was probably U.S. actor Riggs O’Hara with whom Bolan made a trip to Paris in 1965. His songwriting took off and he began writing many of the neo-romantic songs that would appear on his first albums with Tyrannosaurus Rex.

Besides Berry, Bolan’s influences included Bob Dylan, Syd Barrett, Cliff Richard and Elvis Presley.

Tyrannosaurus Rex

When John’s Children collapsed (amongst other problems, the band were stunned to discover their equipment had been stolen from a studio, according to a Bolan biographer), Bolan and Steve Peregrine Took created Tyrannosaurus Rex, a psychedelic-folk rock acoustic group, playing Bolan’s songs, with Took playing assorted hand and kit percussion and occasional bass to Bolan’s acoustic guitars and voice.

This version of Tyrannosaurus Rex released four albums and four singles, flirting with the charts, getting as high as number fifteen and getting airplay and support from Radio 1 DJ John Peel. One of the highlights of this era was playing at the first free Hyde Park concert in 1968. drug-taking and free spirited Took was fired from the group after their first American tour. A rock and roller at heart, Bolan began bringing amplified guitar lines into the duo’s music, buying a vintage Gibson Les Paul guitar (later featured on the cover of the album T. Rex in 1970). After replacing Took with Mickey Finn, he let the electric influences come forward even further on A Beard of Stars, the final album to be credited to Tyrannosaurus Rex. It closed with a song, Elemental Child, featuring a long electric guitar break influenced by Jimi Hendrix.

Then Bolan, by now married to his girlfriend June Child (a former secretary to the manager of another of his heroes, Syd Barrett), shortened the group’s name to T.Rex and wrote and recorded “Ride a White Swan,” dominated by a rolling, hand clapping back-beat, Bolan’s electric guitar and Finn’s percussion.

T. Rex and glam rock

Bolan and his producer Tony Visconti sorted out the session for “Ride a White Swan” and the single changed Bolan’s career almost overnight. Recorded on 1 July 1970 and released later that year, making slow progress in the UK Top 40, it finally peaked in early 1971 at No. 2. Bolan and Visconti largely (and, in many ways, unwittingly) invented the style that would become glam rock and helped restore a brash and exciting feel, when rock bands had grown increasingly self-important.

Bolan took to wearing top hats and feather boas on stage as well as putting drops of glitter on each of his cheekbones. Stories are conflicting about his inspiration for thisome say it was initially introduced by his PA, the late Chelita Secunda, although Bolan told John Pidgeon in a 1974 interview on Radio 1 that he noticed the glitter on his wife’s dressing table prior to a photo session and just casually daubed some on his face there and then. Other performersnd their fansoon took up variations on the idea.

The glam era also saw the rise of Bolan’s friend David Bowie, whom Bolan had come to know in the underground days (Bolan had played guitar on Bowie’s 1970 single “Prettiest Star”). Before long, even Mick Jagger, Rod Stewart and Grand Funk Railroad dabbed on a little glitter.

Bolan followed “Ride a White Swan” and T. Rex by expanding the group to a quartet with bassist Steve Currie and drummer Bill Legend, and cutting a five-minute single, “Hot love“, with a rollicking rhythm, string accents and an extended sing-along chorus inspired somewhat by the Beatles’s “Hey Jude”. It was No. 1 for six weeks and was quickly followed by “Get It On”, a grittier, more adult tune that spent four weeks in the top spot. The song was renamed “Bang a Gong (Get It On)” when released in the United States, to avoid confusion with another song of the same name by the American band Chase. The song reached #10 in the United States in early 1972, the only top 40 single the band ever had in America.

In November 1971, the band’s record label, Fly, released the Electric Warrior track “Jeepster” without Bolan’s permission. Outraged, Bolan took advantage of the timely lapsing of his Fly Records contract and left to EMI, who gave him his own record label, the T. Rex Wax Co. Its bag and label featured an iconic head-and-shoulders image of Bolan. Despite Bolan’s lack of endorsement, “Jeepster” still peaked at #2.

In 1972, Bolan achieved two more British No. 1s with “Telegram Sam” and “Metal Guru” (the latter of which stopped Elton John getting to the top with “Rocket Man”) and two more No. 2′s in “Children Of The Revolution” and “Solid Gold Easy Action”. The total of four No. 2 singles particularly galled his fans as three were held off the top spot by novelty singles recorded by Clive Dunn, Benny Hill and little Jimmy Osmond. In the same year he appeared in Ringo Starr’s film Born to Boogie, a documentary showing a concert at Wembley Empire Pool on 18 March 1972. Mixed in were surreal scenes shot at John Lennon’s mansion in Ascot and a super-session with T. Rex joined by Ringo Starr on second drum kit and Elton John on piano. At this time T. Rex record sales accounted for about 6 percent of total British domestic record sales. The band was reportedly selling 100,000 records a day; however, no T. Rex single ever became a million-seller in the UK, despite many gold discs and an average of four weeks at the top per No. 1 hit; documentation of actual sales has been lost.[citation needed]

In 1973, Bolan played twin lead guitar alongside his friend Jeff Lynne on the Electric Light orchestra songs “Ma-Ma-Ma Belle” and “Dreaming of 4000″ (originally uncredited) from On the Third Day, as well as on “Everyone’s Born To Die”, which was not released at the time but appears as a bonus track on the 2006 remaster.

Decline

By late 1973, his pop star fame gradually began to wane, even though he achieved a Number 3 hit, “20th Century Boy” in February and mid year “The Groover” followed it to No. 4. “Truck On (Tyke)” missed the UK Top 10 only reaching #12 in December. However, “Teenage Dream” from the 1974 album Zinc Alloy And The Hidden Riders of Tomorrow showed that Bolan was attempting to create richer, more involved music than he had previously attempted with T. Rex. He expanded the line up of the band to include a second guitarist, Jack Green, and other studio musicians and began to take more control over the sound and production of his records.

In 1974, Bolan played guitar for Ike & Tina Turner. He appeared on “Nutbush City Limits”, “Sexy Ida (Part II)”, and “baby Get It On”. Tina Turner confirmed this in a BBC Radio One interview.

Eventually, the vintage T. Rex line-up disintegrated. Legend left in 1973 and Finn in 1975 and Bolan’s marriage came to an end because of his affair with backing singer Gloria Jones. He spent a good deal of his time in the U.S. for much of the next three years, continuing to release singles and albums which, while less popular to the masses, were full of unusual lyrics and sometimes eccentric musical experiments. Although Bolan’s health began to fail as he put on weight, the former glam rock icon cleaned up and continued working, producing at least one UK chart hit every year until his death in 1977.

Resurgence

Gloria Jones gave birth to Bolan’s son in September 1975, whom they named Rolan Bolan (although his birth certificate lists him as ‘Rolan Seymour Feld’; compare David Bowie’s son Zowie Bowie). That same year, Bolan returned to the UK from tax exile in the U.S. and Monaco and to the public eye with a low-key tour. Bolan made regular appearances on the LWT pop show Supersonic, directed by his old friend Mike Mansfield and released a succession of singles, but he never regained the success of his glory days of the early 1970s. The last remaining member of Bolan’s halcyon era T. Rex, Currie, left the group in late 1976.

In early 1977, Bolan got a new band together, released a new album, Dandy in the Underworld, and set out on a fresh UK tour, taking along punk band The Damned as support to entice a young audience who did not remember his heyday. Granada television commissioned Bolan to front a six-part series called Marc, where he introduced new and established bands and performed his own songs. By this time Bolan had lost weight, appearing as trim as he had during T. Rex’s earlier heyday. The show was broadcast during the post-school half-hour on ITV earmarked for children and teenagers; it was a big success. The last episode featured a unique Bolan duet with David Bowie during which Bolan fell off the stage. With no time for a retake, this occurrence was aired and Bowie’s amusement was clearly visible.

Death

Bolan’s shrine, on what would have been his 60th birthday, 30 September 2007.

Bolan died on 16 September 1977, two weeks before his 30th birthday and on the same day as Maria Callas. He was a passenger in a purple Mini 1275GT (registration FOX 661L) driven by Gloria Jones as they headed home from Mortons drinking club and restaurant in Berkeley Square. Jones lost control of the car and it struck a sycamore tree after failing to negotiate a small humpback bridge near Gipsy Lane on Queens Ride, Barnes, southwest London. Bolan died instantly, while Jones suffered a broken arm and broken jaw and spent time in the hospital; she did not learn of Bolan’s death until the day of his funeral. Neither was wearing a seat belt. Bolan’s home, which was less than a mile away at 142 Upper Richmond Road West in East Sheen, was quickly looted. fans quickly turned the site of the crash into a shrine and in 2007 the site was officially recognised as Bolan’s Rock Shrine

At Bolan’s funeral, attended by David Bowie and Rod Stewart, a swan-shaped floral tribute was displayed outside the service in recognition of his breakthrough hit single. His funeral service was at the Golders Green Crematorium which is a secular provision in North London. Bolan himself stated that he was Jewish, the religion of his father. However, because his mother was not a Jew he would be considered a gentile under Jewish law (Halakha). His ashes were buried at Golders Green Crematorium.

Bolan never learned to drive, fearing a premature death. Despite this fear, cars or automotive components are at least mentioned in, if not the subject of, many of his songs. He also owned a number of vehicles, including a famed white Rolls Royce, which had been lent by his management to Hawkwind on the night of his death.

Fellow T. Rex member Steve Currie also died in a car crash less than four years later.

Equipment

Marc Bolan was mostly seen playing Gibson Les Pauls. His main Les Paul was refinished in an opaque orange to resemble Gretsch guitars played by his hero Eddie Cochran. He was also seen playing a Gibson Flying V with tremolo and a Fender Stratocaster.

Legacy

In 1979, Siouxsie and the Banshees released a cover “20th Century Boy” as the b-side to the single “The Staircase (Mystery)”.

In December 1980, “Telegram Sam” was the fourth single released by British gothic rock band Bauhaus. The A side is a cover of T. Rex’s song of the same name. It was released in 7-and 12-inch format, the latter featuring “Rosegarden Funeral of Sores” as an extra track. The Bongos were the first American group to cover a T. Rex tune, “Mambo Sun” and enter the Billboard charts. Since then, Bongos frontman Richard Barone has recorded several other Bolan compositions, is working with producer Tony Visconti for his forthcoming solo album and has himself produced tracks for Bolan’s son Rolan Bolan.

In 1981, Department S released a cover of “Solid Gold Easy Action” as the b-side to the single “Is Vic There?”.

In 1984, The Replacements released a cover of “20th Century Boy” as a B-side to the single “I Will Dare”; it is also included on the reissue version of their album Let It Be. In 1993, Adam Ant (born, Stuart Leslie Goddard) covered the track live on the Limed Edition live disc of his Antmusic: The Very Best of Adam Ant collection.

In 1985, Duran Duran splinter band power Station, with Robert Palmer as vocalist, took a version of “Get It On” into the UK Top 40, the first cover of a Bolan song to enter the charts since his death. They also performed the tune (with Michael Des Barres replacing Palmer) at the U.S. Live Aid concert.

In 1986, the Violent Femmes performed “Children of the Revolution” on their third album The blind Leading the Naked, for which they also recorded a music video.

In 1990, baby Ford did a cover of “Children of the Revolution” that appeared on the album Oooh, The World of Baby Ford.

In 1994, Billy Idol wore a t-shirt reproducing The Slider album cover in his popular video supporting the song “Speed”. That was a clear homage to Marc Bolan, who helped Generation X to rise at the very beginning of their career.

In 2006 Def Leppard released their album Yeah which are covers of their favourite bands while growing up, the first song on this album is 20th Century Boy. Joe Elliott wanted to sing Metal Guru while Vivian Campbell wanted Telegram Sam but end up agree to 20th Century Boy, it’s not the first time that Def Leppard has sung a T.Rex song, there is a live version of Get It On.

“Children of the Revolution” was similarly performed by Elton John and Pete Doherty at Live 8, 20 years later. Bono and Gavin Friday cover “Children of the Revolution” on the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack.

In 2000, Naoki Urasawa created a manga entitled “20th Century Boys” that was inspired by Marc Bolan’s song, “20th Century Boy”. The book is a multiple award-winner, and has just been released in the United States through VIZ media.

“20th Century Boy” introduced a new generation of devotees to Bolan’s work in 1991 when it was featured on a Levi’s jeans TV commercial featuring Brad Pitt, and was re-released, reaching the UK Top 20. The song was performed by the fictional band The Flaming Creatures (performed by Placebo, reprised by Placebo and David Bowie at the 1999 BRIT Awards) in the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine. In every decade since his death, Bolan has placed a greatest hits compilation in the top 20 UK albums and periodic boosts in sales have come via cover versions from artists inspired by Bolan, including Morrissey and Siouxsie and the Banshees. Similarly, “I Love to Boogie” was briefly used on an advert for Robinson’s soft drink in 2001, bringing Bolan’s music to a new generation. Mitsubishi also featured “20th Century Boy” in a 2002 car commercial, prompting hip-O Records to release a best-of collection CD titled 20th Century Boy: The Ultimate Collection.

His music is still widely used in films, recent notable cases being Breakfast on Pluto, Death Proof, Lords of Dogtown, Billy Elliot, Jarhead, Moulin Rouge!, Herbie: Fully Loaded, Breaking-Up, Hot Fuzz, Click & School of Rock. Bolan is still cited by many guitar-centric bands as a huge influence (Joy Division/New Order’s Bernard Sumner has said that the first single he owned was “Ride a White Swan”.) However, he always maintained he was a poet who put lyrics to music. The tunes were never as important as the words.

Bolan used to hang around in our office and sit on the floor, strumming his guitar, flirting with our secretary, June, who, of course, he later married. He was a great Syd [Barrett] fan. I was quite fond of him. He was a big pain in the arse, of course, very full of himself. I always liked that thing where he called himself the Bolan child, this magical, mythical name. It was really from his doorbell in Ladbroke Grove. It had his name and our secretary’s surname, Child, so it read Bolan Child and fans used to think, wow, he is the Bolan Child!

Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour,[citation needed]

An altogether less welcome legacy for his friends and family is the ongoing row about his fortune. Bolan had arranged a discretionary trust to safeguard his money. His death left the fortune beyond the reach of those closest to him and both his family and journalists have taken an active interest in investigating the situation, so far with little result other than bringing the story to wider attention. A small, separate jersey-based trust fund has allowed his son to receive some income. However, the bulk of Bolan’s fortune, variously estimated at between 20 and 30 million pounds (approx $38 $57 million), remains in trust. As of 2007, Bolan’s family is supposed to have a house paid for by the trust, and Rolan is supposed to receive an allowance.

Bolan returned to the top of the UK charts in 2005 when the remastered, expanded Born to Boogie dvd hit No. 1 in the Music dvd charts.

Steve Kilbey a self-confessed Marc Bolan fan and singer for renowned Australian art-rock group The church performed Bolan’s “One Inch Rock” on the Steve Kilbey Live DVD, released in January 2008.

In 2006, it was revealed that English Heritage had refused to commission a blue plaque to commemorate Bolan, as they believed him to be of “insufficient stature or historical significance”. There is, however, an existing plaque dedicated to Bolan at his childhood home, put there by Hackney Council.

There are also two plaques dedicated to his memory at Golders Green Crematorium in North London. The second one to be displayed was placed there by the official Marc Bolan fan club and fellow fans in September 2002, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of his passing. The inscription on the stone, which also bears his image, reads ’25 years on his light of love still shines brightly’. Placed beneath the plaque there is an appropriate ceramic figure of a white swan.

In 2006, TV series Life on Mars, an actor portrays Marc Bolan, circa 1973, in a bar in Manchester. Time-travelling Sam Tyler recognises him, has a fan boy moment, and warns him to be careful of riding in Minis. In the American version of the series, the character is replaced by that of Jim Croce, who died later that year in a plane crash, and Sam warns him. However, the T. Rex version of “Get It On” is played in the New York dance club in that scene.

One of Bolan’s guitars, a Gibson Flying V, recently turned up on Antiques Roadshow in the hands of a private collector. The appraiser estimated the value of the guitar to be approximately 50,000-60,000.

A school is planned in his honour, to be built in Sierra Leone: The Marc Bolan School of Music and Film.[citation needed]

Discography

Singles

Nov. 1965 The Wizard/Beyond The Rising Sun. Decca F 12288.

June 1966. The Third Degree/San Francisco Poet. Decca F 12413.

Dec. 1966. Hippy Gumbo/Misfit. Parlophone R 5539.

John’s Children:

May 1967. Desdemona/Remember Thomas A Beckett. Track 604 003.

July 1967. Midsummer’s Night Scene/Sara Crazy Child.

Aug. 1967. Come And Play With Me In The garden/Sara Crazy Child. Track 604 005.

Tyrannosaurus Rex:

April 1968. Debora/Child Star.(34). Regal Zono RZ 3008.

Aug. 1968. One Inch Rock/Salamada Palaganda.(28). Regal Zono RZ 3011.

Jan. 1969. Pewtor Suitor/Warlord Of The Royal Crocodiles. Regal Zono RZ 3016.

July 1969. King Of The Rumbling Spires/Do You Remember.(44). Regal Zono RZ 3022.

Jan. 1970. By The Light Of A magical Moon/Find A Little Wood. Regal Zono RZ 3025.

March 1970. Debora/One Inch Rock/Woodland Bop/Seal Of Seasons.(7). Magnifly ECHO 102.

Dib Cochran And The Earwigs:

1970. Oh Baby/Universal Love. Bell 1121.

T. Rex:

Oct. 1970. Ride a White Swan/Is It Love/Summertime Blues. Fly BUG 1.

Feb. 1971. Hot Love/Woodland Rock/King Of The Mountain Cometh. Fly BUG 6.

July 1971. Get It On (Bang a Gong)/There Was A Time/Raw Ramp. Fly BUG 10.

Nov. 1971. Jeepster/Life’s A Gas. Fly BUG 16.

Jan. 1972. Telegram Sam/Cadillac/Baby Strange. T.Rex Wax 101.

May 1972. Metal Guru/Thunderwing/Lady. EMI Marc 1.

Sept. 1972. Children Of The Revolution/Jitterbug Love/Sunken Rags. EMI Marc 2.

Dec. 1972. Solid Gold Easy Action/Born To Boogie. EMI Marc 3.

March 1973. 20th Century Boy/Free Angel. EMI Marc 4.

June 1973. The Groover/Midnight. EMI Marc 5.

Big Carrot:

Aug. 1973. Blackjack/Squint Eye Mangle. EMI 2047.

T. Rex:

Nov. 1973. Truck On (Tyke)/Sitting Here.(12). EMI Marc 6.

Jan. 1974. Teenage Dream/Satisfaction Pony.(13). EMI Marc 7.

Marc Bolan:

June 1974. Jasper C. Debussy/Hippy Gumbo/The Perfumed garden Of Gulliver Smith. Track 2094 013.

T. Rex:

July 1974. Light Of Love/Explosive Mouth.(22). EMI Marc 8.

Nov. 1974. Zip Gun Boogie/Space Boogie.(41). EMI Marc 9.

July 1975. New York City/Chrome Sitar.(15). EMI Marc 10.

Sept. 1975. Dreamy Lady/Do You Wanna Dance/Dock Of The Bay.(30). EMI Marc 11.

Nov. 1975. Christmas Bop/Telegram Sam/Metal Guru.(Scheduled for release but canceled). EMI Marc 12.

Feb. 1976. London Boys/Soul Baby.(40). EMI Marc 13.

April 1976. Hot Love/Get It On. Cube BUG 66.

June 1976. I Love To Boogie/Baby Boomerang.(13). EMI Marc 14.

Sept. 1976. Laser Love/Life’s An Elevator.(41). EMI Marc 15.

Marc Bolan and Gloria Jones:

Jan. 1977. To Know Him Is To Love Him/City Port. EMI 2572.

T. Rex:

March 1977. The Soul Of My Suit/All Alone.(42). EMI Marc 16.

May 1977. Dandy In The Underworld/Groove A Little/Tame My Tiger. EMI Marc 17.

Aug. 1977. Celebrate Summer/Ride My Wheels. EMI Marc 18.

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January 26th, 2010 admin No comments

An Assessment of sports Reporting In Cameroon, Its Challenges and Prospects

Certification

This is to certify and attest that, sports Journalism in Cameroon, Its Challenges and Prospects is the original work of Solomon LYONGA IKUNDI (SM07A474).

date…………………………………….

Signature……………………………..

Kingsley Lyonga Ngange

Supervisor

Dedication

This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Stella-Maris Nalowa Ikundi for all she has done for me and all she will do. To her, I am most grateful.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to begin by thanking God for his abundant blessings in my life. Yes indeed, the good lord has carried me this far and he has made me to realise some of my big dreams.

To my supervisor, brother and senior colleague, Kingsley Lyonga Ngange, I say thank you for enduring my weaknesses. Your intellectual support and your friendship gave me great inspiration and a motivation to move ahead. You are the best!

My deepest and profound gratitude goes to my grand parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ikundi in Small Soppo, my mother, Stella Ikundi, my aunt in Canada, Elizabeth Ikundi.

today, I also think in a special way of Lydia Limeni Ikundi, Louis Ikundi, Joseph Lyonga Ikundi, Cecilia Eposi Ewunde, Emma Ikundi, Fidel Ikundi, Irene Ikundi, S.L. Ikundi and all the Ikundis. I think my plans would have backfired without these people.

I am also indebted to all those who have always made me to hope. I think of Mr. Charles Ndi Chia, Mr. Matute Menyoli, Mr. Samuel Bokuba, Mr. Zachary Nkwo, Mr. Njomo Kevin, Simon Lyonga, Mr. Mbua Evelle and all my friends.

Thank you Richard Ashu Atem-Ojong for proof reading my work. You are a friend indeed.

To all my lecturers, Dr. Enoh Tanjong, Henry Z. Muluh, Diffang Funge and Divine Besong, thanks a million!

May the good lord reward you all immensely.

table OF CONTENT

Certification……………………………………………………………………………………………i

Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………ii

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………iii

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi

table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………v

CHAPTER I: Introduction

Background

history of Sports Journalism……………………………………………………………………….6

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………….9

Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………………….10

Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………………10

Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

Significance…………………………………………………………………………………………………11

CHAPTER II: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………..13

CHAPTER III: Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….18

Sampling Plan and Procedure……………………………………………………………………….19

Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………………………………….20

Pre-test………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20

Data Collection………………………………………………………………………………………………21

concept Explication………………………………………………………………………………………21

Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………………..24

CHAPTER IV: Discussion and Inferences…………………………………………………………25

Chapter V: Conclusions and Generalisations…………………………………………………..32

Challenges of Sports Journalism in Cameroon………………………………………………..37

Recommendations.………………………………………………………………………………………….39

Refereneces

Appendix

Questionnaires………………………………………………………………………………………………..45

Chapter One:

history of Sports Journalism

Mark Inabinett (1994) notes that the decade or so between the end of World War I and the beginning of the Great depression was described as a decade of change.

America and the world wanted to put the memory of the Great War behind them and enjoy life. The economy was booming and Americans fell in love with sports.

The 1920s was described as the Age of the Spectators as new and bigger stadiums and gymnasiums were built and the radio became the most favourite medium that provided news about sporting events. Newspapers too increased their coverage of sports and fans were able through the media, to keep up with their favourite teams. baseball was the most important discipline in America in the 20s and it was during this golden age that sport fans began to emerge.

Inabinett(1994) notes that Grantland Rice wrote about the athletes who made the age golden. He is celebrated as the pioneer in sports writing with a writing style that employed both hyperbole and lyricism to paint vivid images of athletes.

In August 1954, sports journalism in America was changed forever with the birth of the Sports Illustrated Magazine. During its first five years of growth, the magazine was aimed at the American middle class consumer and covered just about middle class consumer and covered just about any sports story it could cover. As years went on, the magazine began to specialise on sports like baseball, football and basketball.

HISTORY OF SPORTS JOURNALISM IN ASIA

Sports journalism in Asia started gaining importance only after 1985 in Nepal, according to Acharya(1998). At that time, there were only two broadsheet dailies, Gorkhapatra and The Rising Nepal. In those days, it was difficult to talk about a separate page for sports in a newspaper and even the coverage that was given was very scanty (Shakya, 1999)

The history of sports journalism began with Sporting Times, a sports magazine published in 1956 and edited by Manindra RajShrestha. It was an English fortnightly ( Shakya.1999). The magazine ceased publication after a few issue. Since then, a number of sports magazines were published, but none of them lasted long e.g. Rangasala and another magazine published by The National sports council of Nepal called Khel Ra Kheledi in 1968.

HISTORY OF SPORTS JOURNALISM IN CAMEROON

Basically, the first sports reporters in Cameroon went on the airwaves of Radio Diffusion du Cameroun (Radio Cameroon) in the late 1960s. But it is Peter Essoka and French colleague, Abel Mbengue who quickly gained prominence when they were sent to Sudan to cover the 1970 edition of the African Nations Cup.

According to Njomo Kevin, who covered the 1994 World Cup for CRTV radio, late Mark Nebo was one of the first to present sport programmes on the national radio in the 1960s. Denis Lafon was equally running sports in Radio Buea almost at the same time.

For the broadcast media, the pioneers in English sports reporting were Mark Nebo, Peter Essoka, Zachary Nkuo, Ben Becka Jovens, Njomo Kevin, Michael Nzeh, Gregory Alem, Peter Afuh in Bamenda(RIP), Joves Ngwa, Mboh Herbert, Ignatius Fon Echekiye. Njomo narrates that in the French desk, names like Andre Ngangue, Abel Mbengue, David Walter Lea, Ernest Mbende, Daniel Anicet Noah, Joseph Eloundou Nzieh, Samuel Alame, Jean Lambert Nang proved to be colourful scribes.

According to Professor Boyomo Assala of the Advanced school of Mass Communications, the first all-sports newspaper in Cameroon was Courrier Sportif du Benin published from 1955 to 1974.

Historically, women have not been extremely involved in sports reportage. According to Njomo, the first female sports reporter in the country on television was Pamela Messi in 1988, while the much loved Judith Ngale did sports on radio. Others like the late Christiana Nkuo Ufenyi gave a proper account of themselves. In 2004, a female journalist, Magdalene Soppi Kotto was raised to the level of chief of the Sports desk at the national station of the Cameroon Radio television.

HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SPORTS JOURNALISM

Robyn Gordon(2010) notes that the past ten years have seen a growth in the number of women in sports broadcasting with such well known broadcasters like Lesley Vissey, Robin Roberts and Andrea Kremer.

While male sports casters still outnumber female broadcasters in Cameroon, women are participating more and more in sports, and even even given play by play commentaries. CRTV’s Tina Kwo covered the 2009 edition of the Mount Cameroon Race of Hope and chief of radio sports, Magdalene Kotto has been covering the African Nations Cup since 2004 and gave play by play commentaries on radio and Television during the 2010 edition of the African Nations Cup in Angola.

today, women even comprise a growing percentage of the sports audience.

Jane Chastain, Dona De Varona and Jeannie Morris are considered the pioneers in female sports broadcasting. Chastain became the first woman to work as a commentator for a major news network (CBS), according to Robyn Gordon(2010)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Sports journalism that recorded high points in our country with the excellent performance of some local sport reporters has been experienced some low points lately with very few Cameroonians relying on local and national television, radio and newspaper for sports news.

Many a time, the local media have been accused of failing to be current in satisfying the thirst of sport fans.

The audience seems to prefer following sports on foreign media outlets, sports reporting is even ignored by some media houses in the country; a country that has no specialised sports broadcast media. As a result of the advances in communication technologies, many channels and stations exist, almost all given some quantity of sports. The audience can now freely choose and use the media for their gratification. Many interesting sports programmes on local television like Sports vision and one time highly loved sports panorama are being rejected for others on Supersports like soccer Africa. Today, the foreign media and foreign sports channels have grown so powerful, so much so that they set the sports agenda in Cameroon.

This research will be examining the following hypothesis:

Cameroonians sport fans have not derived great satisfaction from the local media, and they seem to be turning elsewhere for their sports.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

ü To what extent do All-sports foreign TV channels limit the sports audience for local television

ü Can the reporting of sports influence our choices and attitudes?

ü Which do Cameroonians rely on for sports between local and foreign media?

ü Which do Cameroonians rely on for national sports between the government owned media and the private local media?

ü Which media do Cameroonians prefer for sports between TV, radio, newspaper, internet and others?

ü Are women athletes treated and presented differently by the media?

ü Which is more covered between male and female sports?

ü What is the place of sports in the media compared with other programme genres?

ü Which sports is given greater attention in the local media?

ü Has the fusion of the media into sports contributed to the development of sports?

OBJECTIVES

This study is not a practical guide on how to become a good sports reporter. Our objectives therefore are:

To identify and situate sport journalism’s wider place within the broader field of the media in Cameroon.

Ø It will also offer a historically informed snapshot on some of the issues, personality debates and challenges that have influenced the growth of sports reporting in this country.
Ø The study also seeks to establish the role the media has played in making some sporting disciplines popular and world class.

Ø It will equally examine the extent to which sports journalism in the developed world delimits the advancement of local sports reporting.

Ø At the end of it all, this study will reveal the sports discipline that is most loved by the sports audience.

SIGNIFICANCE:

v Apart from understanding the essence of this academic work, it would be important to anticipate the logical outcome of this study on Sports journalism in Cameroon.

v This study will first and foremost help me to put into practice the theoretical concepts and facts gained in class for as John Maxwell puts it, “practice does not only make perfect, it makes permanent”.

v It will also reveal the level of exposure of Cameroonians to foreign and local media for sports update.

v The study will diagnose reasons why Cameroonians practice escapism, ignoring local media and local sports for foreign media and foreign sports.

v This study will pass across a strong message to media moguls in our country and even the government to consider possibilities of starting specialised sports channels and also to change mindsets of media employers to begin employing sports casters.

v In a special way, this study will reveal the place of women sports reporters in the media and also examine the coverage and attention given to female sports championships.

v Above all, the study will lay the platform and set the pace for subsequent studies on sports reporting in Cameroon and elsewhere.

Chapter Two

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sports has become increasingly important in the world today. In Cameroon, sport is seen as a culture, a religion and a way of life. According to ace sports reporter, Zachary Nkwo, when the Indomitable Lions succeed, alcohol is often made a virtue.

The power and audacity of sports is unquestionable and over the years, the United Nations Organisation has been using sports to preach the message of peace in war torn regions like Haiti, Darfur, Ethiopia. Many communication scholars have argued that the fusion of sports and the media has contributed immensely to crystallize major sports competitions in the world, thereby making sports reportage an important component in the print and broadcast media.

Acharya (1998) opines that sports journalism is the process of collecting, editing and disseminating the news about the activities of sports. Shakya (1999) further states that because of its vital role in disseminating news on sports events, the media is involved in the development of sports.

David Gallagher (1991) notes that the 1970s were a low point in Cameroonian journalism. He reveals that over thirty papers and disappeared in rapid succession and all or a majority of them supported the Ahidjo regime because they had no other option since Ahidjo had imposed censorship on them. Gallagher notes that most of these newspapers were heavy on sports reporting and greatly avoided politics to stay out of trouble.

Laurent Charles Boyomo Assala (1998) reveals that the first All-sports newspaper was Courrier Spotif du Benin, first published in 1955. It folded in 1974 with its downfall prompted by the expensive failure of the Cameroon National team at the 1972 Nations Cup at home. (Boyomo)

“When President Biya came to power, other sport papers came up like, football Elite of Jean Pierre Betfiang, Sports Panorama of Bounougou Fouda, Jacques Joseph Akana’s Sports Afrique and Progress Sports edited by Joseph Eloundou Nzie.”

Boyomo (ibid) states that most of the sport papers featured football news prominently. In Football Elite, 153 out of 160 pages were dedicated to football. CRTV Television has a one hour programme entirely for football( FOU FOU foot).

Boyomo Assala(1998) notes again that sports journalists in Cameroon must be careful as they report because the eye of the world is on them. He explained in his paper that supporters don’t like sports reporters who give wrong facts, who flounder with the choice of words and don’t even know the rules of the game. He quoted the example of Casimir Amassana who was trashed by fans of Tonnere for giving wrong facts.

Mutations newspaper, in its 27 JANVIER 2009 edition published reactions on the life of Zachary Nkwo. Most of those who reacted suggested that Nkwo is one of the most loved of all the sports reporters is Zachary Nkwo for his immense contribution in shaping Cameroon’s sports history. Some of the contributors noted that Nkwo painted the picture of matches in their mind and practically made players like Nkono, Abega, Mbida…Milla mystical. He received the 2008 CAMASEJ award for being an untiring professional and contributing to the growth of sports journalism in Cameroon.

Andrew Boyd (2001, 25) states that many in the audience tolerate the news only because they know that if they stay tuned they will get the latest football, cricket, or rugby results.

Local teams and clubs often feature strongly in regional news, especially if they are doing well or badly in their leagues, and this is reflected at a national level, where news usually focuses on the promotion battles and relegation struggles that mark the changing fortunes of the top and bottom contenders.

Writing about sports, Jerry Azar(1999) pontificates that sports game settings are often a war zone, a minefield of bruised egos who have undergone rejection, dejection and in some cases ejection. Azar warns sports reporters to avoid asking the wrong questions after a bitter loss because it can set fireworks.

Boyle(2005) states that sports have become increasingly global in the contemporary mediated age. To him, the fusion of sports and the media has helped propel and transform major sports competitions such as the FIFAWorld Cup and the Olympic games.

Organisers of major sporting events have always stressed the need for sports reporters to follow ethics. During a workshop on ethics in sports reporting concluded in Beijing on November 30, 2007, the International Olympic committee stressed the importance of the increased awareness of ethical issues in sports. Organised in close collaboration with UNESCO and the Communication University of China, the 40 journalists who took part acquired reporting skills and were drilled on the culture of China to enable them develop cross cultural strategies.

In an open letter to Michael Bascombe (2010), publisher of the news today in Grenada, on the poor state of sports reporting in Grenada, Beverly Sinclair calls on experienced sports reporters to improve on the quality of sports reporting in Grenada by imparting their skills to the cub sports reporters through seminars and workshops, and not just sit and complain that the standard of sports reporting in their country is depreciating. Sinclair notes that training for sports reporters is sadly lacking, but the old names can make sports reporting better since they are role models.

Robert Gordon (2010) notes that female sports reporters are becoming highly professional. He quotes Lesley Visser, the first female NFL analyst on TV, who was voted the number one female sports caster in the United States by the American sports casters associations, who notes that even though female sports journalism is still considered young and novel by many sports fans and commentators, female sports casters are determined and will continue to convince the world that gender should not and does not affect an individual’s manner to report a story, regardless of its content and report it well.

Silwal, in Acharya(1998) notes that there has been a frequent publication of sports magazines, but all of them cease publication after a few issues. To him, the main reason for this closure of all these publications (in Nepal) is as a result of financial instability. He opines that lack of financial resources for the publication, lack of advertisement and small market influence the shutdown of sports magazines.

Juliana Koranteng, (1998) reveals that football clubs have begun pumping their share and money into the new media. Koranteng suggests that the increasing global allure of local clubs such as Manchester United, Barcelona, Arsenal, and Juventus has encouraged such clubs to consider launching their own TV channels and radio stations. They also run websites informing their publics about team news, player transfer etc e.g. Arsenal TV and www.chelsea.com According to Koranteng, football tops the coverage chart in most sports channels.

Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner(2010) have been researching on gender stereotyping in televised sports. Both believe that women are also given “short shrift” in the media. While studying and observing sports coverage on three network affiliates in Los Angeles, they report that only 9% of airtime was devoted to the coverage to the coverage of feminine sports in contrast to the 88% devoted to male athletes. Margaret Duncan notes that about 97% of commentators use different language when they talk about female athletes.

“When men are described as big, strong, brilliant, gutsy and aggressive, women are more often referred to as weary, fatigued, frustrated, panicked, vulnerable and choking.”

To the scholars, this tendency reduces female athletes to the role of children, while giving adult status to male athletes.

Corroborating Duncan and Messner, the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women, Sports and Physical Activity noted in its 2007 report that female athletes receive just three percent sports coverage in major Canadian dailies.

In an article by Africa Media Online,(2010) World Cup stories that go beyond sports reporting They note that journalists reporting about the worldcup should be able to dig deeper to provide stories that go beyond mere sports. To these communication scholars, 126 African sport journalists who were in South Africa were tasked with telling Africa’s stories more fully and with unique perspective. Sport reporters tight with African media outlets were expected to present South Africa in a favourable light while capitalising on the economic impact of the world cup.

Geoff Pearson et al (2007), the media coverage of football hooliganism. He argues that the tabloid’s style of reporting, such as the publishing of league tables of hooligan notoriety (Daily Mirror 1974) serve to encourage hooligans by placing them in the limelight. Pearson notes that within Britain the tabloid press in particular have found hooliganism to be an easy target for the kind of sensationalist reporting that boosts their circulation. This sensationalist style of reporting often relies on powerful headlines grounded in violent imagery and war metaphors

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Many Communication researchers share the view that the design of a study leads to the actual solution of the problem. Churchill (1977) notes that research design is the frame work or plan for a study that is used in collecting and analyzing a set of data.

This study on sports reporting in Cameroon, its challenges and prospects will use the descriptive research designs. More of the study will make use of the descriptive design (cross sectional design) which is more specifically the field survey. The survey method is the most appropriate one for this study because of its effectiveness in obtaining quantitative data and measuring different opinion trends and its relatively cheap nature. The study measures different aspects of Cameroonians’ perception of sports reporting in their country.

Sampling Plan and Procedure

In assessing the audience perception of sports journalism in Cameroon, this study will make use of the probability random sampling method with every member within the sampling unit having an equal chance to be included in the sample.

The sampling unit or frame is the Buea, Limbe and Mutengene communities, with an estimated population of at least seven hundred thousand people. Of this number, the opinions of 100 sports fans were analysed. Out of this population, 100 were chosen to be studied purely for academic reasons.

In terms of the male and female ratio, with 59.2% of the respondents were male and 40.8 % female.

Finally, respondents were expected to be at least 15 years old since this age group is extensively exposed to sports on the media and can be able to justify their choices and preferences.

INSTRUMENTATION

The main instrument used in this study is the questionnaire to collect data. Apart from the interrogation method employed in the use of questionnaires, other relevant material and data will be acquired through abstraction (getting materials from other documents), observation ( anecdotes from ace sports reporters).

The interview schedule or questionnaire was divided into two sections, media use for sports, and, Demographics. A total of 15 questions were drafted, featuring both closed ended questions to limit unnecessary answers and open ended questions, to allow multiple views. Double barrelled and contingent questions were greatly avoided. The questions revolved around three of the four scales of measurement such as the nominal, ordinal and interval, which are relevant to the study.

Pre-test

The pre-test that had a pilot sample size of 10 respondents was done on May 16, 2010 in Buea. The aim of pre-testing the questionnaire is to maximise the validity and reliability of the data collecting instrument by:

Correcting Errors in the questionnaire e.g. poor framing of questions.

Pre-testing also helps to determine whether the study approach is okay.

During the exercise, areas of misunderstanding or confusion were easily corrected. Nebulous questions were made clear and the views of the respondents were considered with some questions deleted and one added.

Data Collection

I began doing observation on my study on Tuesday, April 14, 2010 interviewing some pioneer sports reporters in the country like Njomo K. Kevin and Zachary Nkwo.

Meanwhile, I began the process of administering questionnaires on May 28, 2010 and this was to last for two weeks. The 100 questionnaires were administered accordingly: Buea(67), Limbe (17), and Mutengene (16).

The response rate stood at 98%. This high response rate is as a result of the fact that the time to administer 100 opinionnaires was ample and long. Also, the subject under study sports and sports reporting interest many people, male and female; young and old.

Data entry was done with the assistance of computer software, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS.

concept Explication

Agenda Setting: The power and audacity of the media to influence what people think and talk about. The media does what is referred to as issue crystallisation and greatly influences and raises issues that are given priority in public discussions. This theory was first suggested in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw.

Escapism: The tendency by the audience of avoiding and rejecting local media content for foreign media content.

home News Abroad: News about local personalities abroad and also involves tit bits about local footballers and athletes in Europe and elsewhere out of the country.

FIFA: The International Association of Football Federations

NFL: The National Football League in America, the most popular sport league in the United States.

UEFA: Union of European Football Leagues

Interview Schedule: Questionnaires containing questions that are administered by the communication researcher who meets the respondents on a one to one basis.

Media Imperialism: The domination of one country’s media by another country’s media.

Media Use for Sports: The level of exposure to sports related media for sports update.

Sports reporting: The same like sports casting, sports reportage, sports journalism and simply means the process of gathering, filing and making public news about sports events that are of interest.

Sampling Unit: The sampling unit involves the people to be surveyed and their place of origin.

Sampling Size: The sampling size involves the number of people who are to be surveyed.

Sampling procedure: This answers the questions of how will they be selected and how will the survey be done.

All-sports Media outlet: It is either a newspaper, magazine, radio or television that specialises in the coverage of sports.

Football hooliganism: According to Ingham, R. et al., (1978), the term football hooliganism was created by the media, the tabloid press in particular, in the mid-1960s and since then they have been extremely flexible and indeterminate in ascribing the “hooligan” label to different incidents. Football hooliganism is seen by most to mean violence and/or disorder involving football fans.

Limitations of the Study

Ø There are hurdles and shortcomings almost everywhere in life. This study has its own inherent limitations:
Ø It is difficult to generalise the findings of the study to the whole of Cameroon because of the relative small sample size. Financial constraints could not permit a bigger study to be carried out in all the regions of the country.
Ø Bearing in mind that the sample size and unit were not large to reflect Cameroon, the results are there not very reliable.
Ø Communication research is still new in our country and there is very little documented evidence on the evolution of sports reporting in Cameroon. Moreover, very few people have written about the situation of the business of sports reporting in Cameroon. This made it extremely difficult to compile literature on sports reportage.
Ø It was also impossible to assess the peripheral areas of most importantly Buea and Limbe because of transportation problems, the high illiteracy rate in most of these villages and the absence of cable that provides access to a long list of foreign sports related channels.
Ø Some respondents were hostile and made things very difficult for me. Some respondents were scared to disclose some vital information especially on demographics. They went as far asking references in case anything happens to them.

Chapter Four

Discussion and Inferences

In this descriptive study, we are going to use both the univariate and bivariate methods of data analysis. Respondents were required to have be sports fans so that they can make valid judgements on the media coverage of sports in Cameroon.

As of our empirical findings, the majority of Cameroonians rely on Television for Sports(57.1 %), radio comes second with 21.4%, the new media, that is the internet is gradually making its mark among Cameroonian sport fans providing sports news to some 14.3 % of Cameroonians and newspapers are last as only 7.1 % rely on it for sports. There are very few All-sports newspapers in Cameroon and most information on the sports page of newspapers is almost always copied directly from the internet. For example, some of the sports on The Post, Monday, July 27, 2009 edition came from the BBC sports website e.g. Nigeria League, Third Best In Africa-FIFA. Sometimes these local papers ignore sports like The Post edition of Friday, October 23, 2009 that was void of sports.

Only 3.1% of the respondents claimed that they knew at least one existing All-sports newspaper, while 96.9% have never read or seen an exclusive sports newspaper in Cameroon. There is a readership problem in Cameroon. Very few people buy newspapers and very few can read, especially in the suburbs. To complicate things, most of the existing All sports papers are in French like Ndamba, published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick

TV tells the sports story most of the time, but as can be observed, Cameroonians prefer foreign TV far more than local TV for sports. While 13.3% go for local TV, the majority, 86.7 prefers foreign TV at all times.

Some of the reasons why Cameroonians prefer foreign TV more than Local TV includes, foreign TV`s god images, live matches of Champions league and major European championships, qualified sports analyst and also to get home news abroad. ( News about Cameroonian players in European leagues).

The king sports, football features prominently in the output of media outlets. Events such as the World Cup, European Nations Cup, African Cup of Nations, Confederations Cup and Uefa Champions league receive widespread media attention. Some 74.5% of Cameroonians see, read or hear more often of football in the media. Lawn tennis, wrestling and athletics have 8.2%, 7.2 and 7.1 coverage respectively.

From this study, we found out that the foreign media does not give a wide coverage of sport activities in Cameroon They practically ignore the Elite championship and even the popular Mount Cameroon race of hope to talk about corruption in the government of Cameroon, President Biya`s luxurious trips abroad and just like Nicholls K. Boas (2003) opines, the West will never say anything good about Africa, Cameroon included. They will always say aberrational things and highlight on conflicts, dictatorship etc even though Africa has some good news

A bulk of Cameroonians still prefer local radio to foreign radio for sports. They get most of the home news on local radio and also listen to the radio to get the most current gossips, transfers and match reviews and previews of both local and international leagues.

While foreign media ignores sports made in our country, the coverage of foreign sports in the local media is very high. Local radio stations dedicate much time to talk about the premier league, the Spanish La Liga, Italian Serie A, Bundesliga, French Orange Ligue I and other sports related stories coming from abroad. The reason for this conundrum is the lack of sufficient sports events in our country. Apart from football, the other sporting disciplines in the country are still to prove their worth and do things, while providing the local media with information that will enable it scale its full potential.

In our country, the media gives the pride of place to male sports and very little is said about the national feminine championship, even news about the Indomitable Lionesses in the local media is rare. This is some how in line with government policy that does not facilitate the development of Feminine sport disciplines.

More male prefer foreign TV, 54.9%, while 31.1% of the female flock are for foreign TV. In terms of local TV, 8% female rely on it as to 4% male.

For the programme genre in the illustration above, more males prefer sports, news and politics, while a high number of women like music and others that includes movies, soap operas, talk shows etc.

A high majority of young people between the age of 15 and 25(63%) get their sports from foreign TV, some 12 % of those between 37 and 47 rely on foreign TV as well for sports, 8% of those between 26 and 36 get sports from channels abroad while among those from 48, only 3% prefer foreign media for sports.

For local TV, 3% of those between 37 and 47 years rely on the local media for sports, 30% of those above 48years also prefer and use local media for sports.

Those between 15 and 25 form the greatest majority of sport fans and they are highly exposed to the media for gratification as they get not only sports, but also music, news, movies, soap operas, politics etc.

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Generalisations

In this section, we are going to interpret the data obtained from the field and search for a broader meaning of our findings.

From our findings, we observe that most sport fans, 57.1 % heavily rely on TV as compared to the 21.4 %, 14.3 % and &7.1 % for radio, internet and newspaper. From this finding, we can infer that TV tells the greatest story about sports in Cameroon because of its visual attractions. And just like George Gerbner(1956) puts it, television has become part of the family, it is the one that tells most of the story most of the time.

The study confirms the findings of a series of communication scholars like Juliana Koranteng(1998) that of the all sport disciplines such as football, lawn tennis, athletics, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, wrestling, rugby, cricket etc., it is football that is seen, read or heard more often in most media outlets, while coverage of the other sporting disciplines is neglected. But since the head of state, President Paul Biya has repeatedly reiterated that there are no minor or major sporting disciplines, the state media has improved on its coverage of the annual Mount Cameroon race of hope and the Cameroon International Cycling Tour.

This pilot study on sports reporting also found out that there is afghanistanism (Tanjong 2006) in the practice of sports reporting. Local reporters sometimes deliberately or unconsciously ignore local sport realities and highlights on sports from distant areas. While 25.5% of our respondents think that the local media coverage of foreign sports is very high, 37.8 % of respondents of thesame question feel it is even very high.

There exists a conundrum when we discover that the reverse is true. Foreign media like Supersports, Eurosports, Infosports and even BBC practically ignore Cameroonian sports. For the BBC and other news media that feature sports somewhere in their programming, they highly focus on negativities from Cameroon. They delight in talking about corruption, violence like the February 2008 strike action. The foreign channels like 43.9 % of sports diehards believe, does very little and superficial coverage of Cameroonian sports.

Also, most Cameroonians practice escapism and go for foreign TV rather than local. To them, foreign TV is always at the heart of major events, producing live pictures of matches, better analysis and to get news about Cameroonian players in European topflight leagues.

While local TV seems to be disfavoured by Cameroonian sport pundits, Local radio is still held in high esteem as 59.2 % of Cameroonians prefer it, while 40.2 prefer to get sports on foreign radio like RFI, Africa No. 1, BBC Afrique and World etc.

The foreign TV’s strong presence in our media landscape has led to a kind of domination. As Tanjong (opera citate) and others have hypothesize, media imperialism is the domination of one society’s media by another country’s media. This is the truth when it comes to sports reporting on TV. CRTV may not be able to compete with specialised sport channels like Supersports, Eurosports etc. Cameroonians need an All-Sports TV channel to balance the pendulum.

One very important revelation of this study is the fact that female sports and athletes are under covered compared to male sports. In the local media in Cameroon, much is said about the Male MTN Elite one Championship, while the National Feminine League is always treated as supplementary information. Sports fans(92.9%) think that the media is biased in the reporting of female sports, while 7.1% have maintained that the media gives a fair coverage to all sexes. Scholars like Lou Schwartz, Pirkko Markula, a professor of socio-cultural studies of sport and leisure in the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner have been researching about the coverage of female in sports do not receive adequate media coverage. Others have opined that very few female journalists a giving opportunities to report sports.

Sports is used by most media outlets now to catch listeners attention. Comparing it with politics, news, movies, music, others, it is the genre of sports that is most loved(31.6%). 21.4 % prefer news, 16.3 go for music, 11.2% love politics and 19.4 % are for others.

All in all, those who go to the media hope to get satisfaction as Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz(1974) have explained. The audience actively seeks the media in Cameroon for sports, news, music, politics, movies others for their uses and gratification.

CONCLUSION:

The coverage of major sports has been improved upon by the advancements in communication technologies. It is now very easy to broadcast live matches and the quality of sports reporting has improved as journalists are not just expected to be born sport reporters, but also to go to school to acquire skills for reporting sports.

Cameroon still has a long way to go especially with the absence of an All sports media, and women journalists are fighting for their rights to be involved in sports reporting.

In the end, what appears to be true is the fact that female sports is still under covered by the local media, meanwhile other sports disciplines receive superficial coverage in the local media and most Cameroonians seem to prefer foreign TV channels for sports because of the satisfaction they get from watching inspiring commentators and above all, sport fans admire the fidelity of these foreign sport channels in providing all necessary sports news.

Above all this study suggests that it is the foreign TV that sets the agenda in our country. Sports fans in our country rely on foreign TV(most sport fans prefer TV highly for sports). The agenda set by this foreign media is not on the MTN elite I championship, it is rather on the various major European championships like the Spanish, English, French leagues etc

Challenges of Sports Journalism

In Cameroon, sports journalism and writing is now seen as a key element of the wider branding of most newspapers as they reposition their appeal in an effort to attract new readers. But there are still a lot of challenges well known by sport reporters themselves.

According to CRTV Buea sports journalist, Samuel Moto Bokuba, there is only one regular and exclusive sports newspaper in Cameroon at the moment, Ndamba, which is a weekly in French published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick. Another All-sports newspaper is, This Is Sports, This Is Football, not very regular, and it is edited by Franklin Sone Mbayen.

Mr. Bokuba, who is also the Deputy Station Manager, CRTV Buea notes that others like Global foot of Emile Ndonkeng, Stades that was a break away of Global Foot, Post Sports published in Yaoundé by Julius Wame, George Fontamo`s Association Sports Magazine that saw the release of only two issues and Cameroon Football Elite ( published in the 80`s by Jean Pierre Betfiang) emerged and after a few publications disappeared.

Local sports reporter, Innocent Mbunwe of The Post newspaper thinks that lack of financial resources has been the biggest problem of Cameroonian sports journalist. To him, the absence of money prevents the reporters from even given an ample coverage of the regional football championship it seems increasingly difficult to send reporters to far away areas like Ekondo Titi, Mundemba, Mamfe etc.

CRTV`s Matute Menyoli noted that the greatest threat to sports reporting is the scandalous collection of brown envelopes by some sport reporters who go ahead to sing the song of team presidents and sometimes football administrators. Many, according to Matute Menyoli practice “hilton journalism“going to fill their stomachs in the name of covering events.

Veteran journalist, Njomo Kevin, one time sports reporter with the Cameroon Radio Television and Radio Calabar also believes strongly that sports reporting in Cameroon is experiencing falling standard. To Mr. Njomo, the present day sport reporters in Cameroon are different from those in the past as they are so much interested in money, they collect “gombo“ and ignore the fact that they can make it truly only if they put love for their profession, before money.

Njomo Kevin notes that sports journalists in the past in this country had the responsibility of bringing spectators to the playgrounds and he pontificates that it was because of the intimate information that the “excellent sports reporters” in the past provided that matches that pitted Canon against Tonerre Yaounde and local derbies between Prisons of Buea and PWD Kumba in the 1960s and 1970s produced fireworks.

In spite of the problems, Njomo believes that Cameroon has witnessed some high points in sports journalism and to him, Zachary Nkwo and Peter Essoka are the two mentors who have left an indelible mark in the discipline.

Sports reporter, Simon Lyonga believes that sports journalism is experiencing dwindling fortunes because it is not treated as a course on its own in most Journalism institutions in Cameroon e.g Department of Journalism and Mass Communication in the University of Buea.

Also, Simon Lyonga of the National radio lampoons at some sports reporters who drink alot. He believes that beer tasting makes reporters irresponsible as they appear negatively in the eyes of the public.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

With the major findings of this study as a back up and point of reference, the following recommendations should be applied to get sports reporting back on the rails.

The government that runs the national radio and TV and other regional stations should readily provide finance of the purchase of light weight portable and outside broadcast equipment that will enable CRTV give an elaborate coverage of events. CRTV has a lot of money (receiving handouts from the government, licence fee, advertisement), and they should invest greatly in machines and manpower that will facilitate its coverage of sports.

Private individuals and companies or the government should consider creating specialised sports media outlets. To Samuel Bokuba, this will greatly be helpful, though attempts at creating a specialised radio, TV or newspaper are mostly stifled by lack of resources, absence of advertisers, low readership and the limited number of sport competitions in the country.

For sports reporting to thrive, Njomo Kevin believes strongly that the cub sports reporters have to be passionate about reporting sports itself. He feels that love of the profession can make one highly efficient. To him, most of those who get into sports reporting now, do it because they want money from club presidents and this is what is destroying the fine corners of the discipline.

For sports reporting to flourish, those practising it in our country should try to avoid doing the wrong things like drinking excessively. They should rather spend time in gainful research about teams and players since they cannot afford to have limited knowledge.

In a bid to limit professional inadequacy, journalists who want to report sports should go to school. Professional courses in sports journalism are beginning to enter the curriculum of some journalism schools like ASMAC. The training should extend even after school with constant participation in workshops for sports reporters etc. If possible, sports reporters should specify in specific disciplines to have mastery so that their style and skill of reporting will be highly appreciated.

It is not enough for female journalists to sit and be complaining that they have little or no place in sports reportage. What they need to do, above all is to prove their worth. Magdalene Soppi Kotto is doing quite well at CRTV and other media houses should involve female spot reporters on their payroll.

Also, though football is the king sports, other sporting disciplines should be covered as well. Media coverage of boxing bouts, handball matches, athletics etc can help to popularise these hitherto relegated sport disciplines.

Moreover, media houses should avoid sexist presentation of athletes. Female athletes who excel should be treated as conquerors. The media for example presents the Indomitable Lions as superior beings and the Lionesses are not given the same treatment and attention.

Advertisers most know that during important sport competitions like the World Cup and African Nations Cup, they can patronise and sponsor sports programmes because most of them have high listenership and viewership during such periods.

Just like Njomo Kevin puts it, sports reporters have a great role, to make our sports grow and they have the propensity to bring supporters to sport venues.

References

BOOKS:

Acharya (1998), Sports Press in Nepal: A Survey of Sports Pages of the Daily Newspapers, post-graduation thesis

Ingham, R. et al., (1978) Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context, London: Inter-Action Inprint

Stott, C and Pearson, G. (2007) ‘Football Hooliganism: Policing and the War on the English disease,’ London: Pennant Books

Andrew Baker,(2004), Where am I and Who’s Winning, Yellow jersey Press, ISBN-13: 978-0224072731, 256 pages

Boyle, Raymond and Haynes, Richard (2004) Football in the New Media Age, Routledge; first edition, ISBN-10: 0415317908

Inabinett, Mark: Grantland Rice and His Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994

Pirkko Markula, (July 2009), Olympic Women and the Media,International Perspectives, Palgrave, Macmillan, , ISBN10: 0-230-22284-6, 272 pages

Tanjong,E. (2006), Africa in International Communication, Limbe, Design House

Andrew Boyd (2001, 25) ,Broadcast Journalism, Techniques of Radio and Television News, 5th edition

Articles

David Gallagher (Spring 1991), Public and Private Press in Cameroon, Changing Roles in the New Pluralism

Assala , Boyomo, (1998), Sports Journalism, Specialised Journalism (translated from French) paper presented during a seminar with sport reporters in Yaoundé, unpublished document

Jerry Azar, 1999, The business of Sports Reporting

Beverley Sinclair, 2010, An open letter to Michael Bascombe, Poor state of Sports reporting in Grenada

Juliana Koranteng 1998 European sports TV channels: Opportunities in the Digital Age

George Gerbner(1956) Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication

About the Author

Solomon Lyonga Ikundi is a sports reporter currently with CBS Radio, Buea, Cameroon. He is a graduate from the Department of Journalismand Mass Communication, University of Buea

What Darwin Didn’t Know (BBC)

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Blue Jeans Fonts

January 25th, 2010 admin No comments

blue jeans fonts

jeans: the “bleu de Gênes” work trousers “de Nimes”

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</style>

While nowadays the working clothes are, depending on the cases, mono-use or especially made for a specific environment and use, in the past centuries security on the workplace was a topic still to be developed: to make work clothes they simply looked for resistant and cheap materials.

When cotton became easily available and cheap, in Nimes the production of a kind of cloth made with linen and cotton started, and it was known as the cloth “de Nime”, hence the name “denim”. It arrived in Italy, where in Liguria it was coloured with the “bleu de Gênes” and initially used for the ships sails, to cover the goods and to make the Genoese mariners’ trousers, because it was very durable. From there it reached the United States, where the production of work pants, which we can consider as the ancestor of the modern personal protection clothing, gave life to the “blue jeans“.

Until the first half of the XIX century, saying “blue-jeans” you meant the cloth, while from then on that term will indicate the famous model of trousers. While in those times they were used as a protection clothe, durable and cheap, together with the boots, rather different from the modern safety shoes.

The arrival of the cloth from Nimes coloured with the blue of Genoa in the United States is due to Löb Strauβ, who after his arrival and naturalization in the States changed his name into Levi Strauss: Levi stayed in New York for some years with his brothers, who had started a business with clothes. Some years later he moved to San Francisco, where he used the demand of resistant cloths for the production of working clothes and sails opening, together with his brother-in-law David Stern, the Levi Stauss & Co.

Apart from having been among the first one to use the cloth de Nimes bleu de Gênes for clothing, Levi Strauss has the merit of having invented a particular model, especially thought for miners: the dungarees.

Once entered in the market, the jeans arrived in the whole world: comfortable, durable and cheap, they were perfect for anyone who needed trousers to work. In fact, Garibaldi’s Redshirts, in Italy, are said to have wore blue jeans during the battle of Marsala, in 1860.

To remind the origins of the blue jeans, in 2004 in Genoa they made a giant pair of jeans, 18 meters high and with a waistline of 5 meters: they have been designed by the students of the artistic high school Barabino and made by those of the professional high school “Duchessa di Galliera”, using six hundred pairs of used jeans.

Nowadays the situation changed a lot both for jeans and working clothes: while the first are not the cheap and durable clothes of once, the latter became more technical, especially studied to protect at the best those who wear them.

About the Author

This article was written by Lia Contesso, with support from mascherine protezione.
For any information please visit cuffia protezione, or visit occhiali sicurezza

Tim McGraw – Taylor Swift (Lyrics)

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Jeans Kaki

January 25th, 2010 admin No comments

jeans kaki

fashion Products: Exactly What That They Include

Would you enjoy updating the way you look, at the least regarding your street fashion? If you might be, you might not only desire to examine the latest popular trends, so far as clothing, nevertheless , you can also need to examine the newest trends popular products style gear are fast boosting in acceptance, although some still have no idea just what exactly they are.

In relation to finishing touches, you’ll find that an a few different products are included. Products, like styles clothing pieces, are available in many different sizes, shapes, and designs. You can find finishing touches which have been suitable for young children, young adults, gentlemen, ladies, tiny sized, as well as plus sized men and women. A some of the many stylish pieces that you may wish to examine at certainly one of you local styles shops or on the internet are defined below.

Just about the most popular style item types represents necklaces. As rrt had been previously mentioned, finishing touches were created for all those various kinds of men and women, irrespective of age group as well as sex. For young people and children, styles jewellery pieces that are popular can lead to colourful pieces, and also charm necklaces and also charm bracelets. When it comes to men, a trendy piece of necklaces usually includes big pendant bracelets, the majority of which show a cross or one other popular or perhaps purposeful image. Regarding women, popular waste stylish jewelry include earnings, jewelry, necklaces, bracelets, pins, and so on.

Another kind of clothing accessory that you be interested in owning can be a purse or perhaps a handbag. Teens and ladies in most cases individual bags and handbags. A purse is frequently used to describe a bag which is smaller or compact in proportions and handbags will often be slightly larger. Handbags and purses are available in a variety of styles; therefore, it’s quite common for a lot of along with teens you can own more than one purse or handbag. The truth is, lots of people in existence like to match their fashion accessories, including their bags and handbags, with the clothing that they can wear.

Jointly with handbags and accessories, travel bags tend to be considered a style accessory. travel bags are similar to totes and handbags, but you will find they are often created for both women and for men. A travel bag occasionally includes a compact bag you can use being a carryon bag on an airplane ride, a diaper bag, and a laptop carrying case and the like.

shoes are also considered a styles accessory, although many do not necessarily consider them to be. Frequently, women’s shoes are associated as fashion accessories, in contrast to men!|s shoes. One from the advantages for that may be due the massive offering of women!|s shoe types that you can find available for purchase. As an example, it really is over possible to locate athletic shoes, casual sandals, elegant sandals, flat sports shoes, high-heeled shoes, and the like. Just like handbags and totes, some women own multiple pairs of shoes and many try and coordinate their shoes, particularly for work, with the rest of the ensemble.

A different one of the numerous different types of fashion accessories available for purchase are that regarding belts. For lots of men and boys, belts are not necessarily considered a clothing accessory, around they’re a way to hold pants up; however, a similar doesn!|t really ring true for women. Women!|s belts also come in many different sizes, shapes, and designs. That’s the reason why women!|s belts and belts that could be created for children and then for teens will often be known as products. There are belts out there which have been intended for wearing with a casual set of two jeans, or a couple of traditional kaki trousers for the purpose of function
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Blue jeans Khaki pants— the documentary

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Ga Blue Jeans Malaysia Annual Report

January 25th, 2010 admin No comments

Waste, Abuse And Mismanagement In Government health Care (Part 2 of 2)

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Jeans Hem Original

January 24th, 2010 admin No comments

jeans hem original

Little black dress for all occasions

There is nothing more beautiful than a woman in a beautiful dress. But in our mad century, womens clothing store increasingly in everyday life prefer pants or jeans. However, the most solemn moments of life we try to look more feminine as possible. And that little black dress – the top of femininity. Little black dress http://www.flanmark.com/Women for all occasions. Every self-respecting woman’s wardrobe is a dress.

Little black dress can be worn on any celebration, party, funerals and even weddings. It is always and everywhere to the point. A supplement is a miracle of different accessories, you create each time a new outfit. Little black dress – a charm, femininity, coquetry, without looking at his ease.
In 1926, everyone knows its Coco Chanel created in memory of her lost husband. And with it the entire world was plunged into mourning. A little black dress has won the hearts of all women and excited the imagination of all men. Now black is not associated with mourning.

The dress, created by Coco Chanel, is simple to cut. Length skirt covered her knees. After Coco felt his knees very ugly part of the woman’s body. Cutout dress was simple, semicircular. No frills. There were no buttons, no fringe, no frills. The sleeves were long and narrow. Little black dress quickly gained popularity. After all, it could afford any woman. Even with the smallest incomes. And because it can complement absolutely any accessories, whenever it was possible to create a new image, look different.

today, the little black dress is very different from the original. There are many variations, with a length of hem, shape neckline. today is permissible frilled, lace, buttons and other decorative elements. A rare collection of leading fashion FLANMARK.COM without a little black dress for all occasions.

This dress has become a thing out of fashion . It’s always fashion FLANMARK.COM able. It can change styles, hem lengths, but the essence remains the same. Little black dress – a symbol of femininity, sexuality, glamor. It is always important. It is practical, stylish, modern.

Any woman can wear it. It does not matter any shape or growth. The main thing to choose the right style. After all, it might be causing a mini for girls with a figure mannequin. And dress in the style of “vamp” with a high waist. Women who can not boast the model looks, can choose a dress as a tunic or undershirts. Everyone knows that black is slim. Maybe that’s why the little black dress is so popular.

When you choose for themselves, this iconic article of clothing, give preference to expensive fabric. After all, quality of fabric – the success of the dress. Although sometimes qualitative tailored and perfectly sewn dress from cheap cloth can work wonders. That dress you buy for several years, so it’s best to choose a model classic cut, without the use of the latest fashion FLANMARK.COM trends. As fashion – a lady changeable. What was at the peak of popularity this season, next will have to look irrelevant. Choose a dress that will emphasize your strengths and hide weaknesses. Ideal – sewn just for you dress.

shoes to the little black dress chosen so as classical. This may be court shoes or elegant shoes with a heel pin. Many of today’s fashion FLANMARK.COM able woman with a little black dress worn kolkgoty black and red shoes. It looks amazing.

In general, little black dress magic wand for all occasions.

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European or Original jeans Hem Demo

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White Jeans For Men Gq

January 23rd, 2010 admin No comments

Novella Excerpt

CHAPTER ONE

When I was a little girl, I loved to read. I liked the fairytales. People always found their match. There is always one true love, always a happy ending. Most of all I remember it was clear who the good guys were and who the bad guys were. One thing I can say about life. There aren’t any clear-cut good guys or bad guys.

I always thought I was a good girl. Maybe I was. But I am not a girl anymore. As I look back though, I wonder what I could have done differently. I keep trying to pick a point and say, ‘that’s where I messed up’, or if only I had not have done that particular thing’. But I don’t really know if anything could have gone any other way but the way it went. I’m writing this because I want an account of my view and I must leave the truth somewhere. Now this may shock some people, especially my children and friends. But at least they’ll know why I did it. No matter how bad a thing is I always thought knowing exactly how it happened helped me accept it. Now I don’t know if those closest to me could accept the fact that I killed a man. But once you finish this you may agree that given the situation what else could I do?

For a while I worried that I would get caught. I thought every moment after the affair was stolen, and that I should be in jail. These worries never drove me to confess. I will only confess here, and this only read after I am long gone.

Where should I begin? I guess at the point where I met ‘him’. I know deep down that meeting him was the catalyst which made all this come to pass.

I was at the Christmas party of Council Pro Tem, Phil Berghman. The party was held at Club Legacy in downtown, Detroit, not too far from the city county building where I interned. I was a production assistant for the media center. If not for the private party I would not have been there, I was not yet twenty-one. It was fun though, an older crowd. There were plenty of people ballroom dancing to the rhythm and blues. I wore a black crepe wool dress. It was fitted and had a plunging bodice. The club had three floors and the top two floors looked down over the main dance floor.

My co-worker, Daniel had coaxed me to dance and I was glad he did. He taught ballroom dancing in the evenings at another club and looked very good that night. Daniel normally had a geeky look about him. I guess he could not help his height and lankiness. But no one could hold a candle to him on the dance floor. He was smooth and talented. He taught me the tango that night. I felt nervous at first; but once I caught on I was having a great time. We must have looked good because people began watching us. That was when he first noticed me, I think.

After the song was over some people actually clapped. Daniel went to get me a drink. That’s when our eyes met. I felt him looking down at me. He was so handsome in his black suit. It was obviously a very expensive suit tailored to his magnificent physique. It made him look very powerful and fine. His hair was shiny, wavy and black. His skin was a flawless caramel complexion. What held my gaze were his eyes though. They were deep and mysterious to me. I swear my heartbeat quickened just looking into his eyes.

Daniel brought my Bahaman mama and drew my attention away. For a moment I wondered if Daniel were trying to get with me even though he was ten years my elder. Later in the evening, I decided that wasn’t the case because Daniel was in high demand on the dance floor and I ended up watching from the railing upstairs. I liked the upper level of the club because there were small round tables and chairs and a great view of the Detroit River. I left the railing and went to look out the window. There was a light snow covering everything. Even the silver sculpture in the middle of Hart Plaza had a thin layer of snow covering it.

“Hello,” I heard a smooth male voice beckon from behind me. I think I felt tingles before I even turned around. I turned around and must have looked nervous because he said, “I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to startle you. I’m Rigo”. I smiled demurely and told him my name. He complimented me on my dancing ability. I told him I had Daniel to make it look good.

There was chemistry between us from the first moment I saw Rigo. I felt as if I knew him all ready. He told me he felt the same way. Actually he brought it up first and I revealed that I felt the same way. Being with him was like constant De Ja Vue. But I sensed even more about him that I didn’t know, couldn’t know. I wanted to know though. Rigo had an aire of mystique about him that intrigued me. power, and mystery emanated from him but I did not know the danger that also lay beneath his smooth character. But wait I don’t want to get ahead of myself.

Though he had been well dressed, I had no idea what kind of money he had at first. Now that I look back I think he must have wanted to know if I liked ‘him’ and not the money he had. Once he got to know me, he saw that I am not a gold digger. I never have been. It always occurred to me to get my own; and do my own thing. That night at the club I gave Rigo my correct phone number. He gave me a number, and even though I liked him I did not use it. He called about a week later. We spoke for hours, well into the early morning. I told him way too much information on me. I told him how I was going to school and interning at the media center. He learned of my love for film and my aspiration to be as big as Spielberg someday. He said maybe he could see my films one day. I thought to myself I don’t want to be alone with him on our first date so a private viewing of my demo reel would have to wait. I liked him well enough by the end of that conversation. However, I knew little about him. He was born in Toronto, didn’t have any family here in Michigan, and he had a love of film. His profession was still sketchy and most of the conversation steered toward my life and our similar philosophies on life.

CHAPTER TWO

I wanted to be cautious though. My last boyfriend had been a little psycho, I thought. He had been a total thug, who got high too often. I suspected him of cheating and was just tired of him so I dumped him. My phone rang off the hook for two weeks. He still called even a month later every now and then. At first he cussed me out for dumping him. Then he threatened to slash my tires. Finally he tried to be nice and get me to go back with him. So when I met Rigo, I was wary about jumping into a relationship. Especially since school was my path and not marriage.

It was a month before we saw each other again. We had a few conversations on the phone, which were stimulating mentally. I could tell he was a very intelligent man. He was one of those people who liked learning just for learning sake. It was interesting to talk to him because he had something to contribute on every subject that came up. This quality was exciting because many men either do not want to engage in such conversation with an attractive woman or they do not think deeply and cannot hold such a conversation with anyone. I suppose it is not a gender thing, I have female friends that I grew up with whom I cannot talk to about certain subjects. They just do not think on such things.

So when I called his cell phone that evening before I left the City County Bldg., I hoped to just engage in that stimulating conversation over dinner. He answered on the third ring, “Rigo.” He said. “Hi, Rigo this is Ashara. I was wondering if you wanted to meet for dinner, this evening.” I have always been assertive and so I said this matter of fact as if I would still have a great dinner without him. He seemed rather eager and was quite accommodating. “Hey, I see you are still at the office. How about we meet at Zeeks over on Madison St.?” I did not know what Zeeks was and he told me it’s an old Jazz club that’s been in Detroit for 75 years. Until he said this I had no idea he was into Jazz. “They serve great soul food.” I agreed and we were set to meet at 7pm.

I was glad he introduced me to Zeeks. It was like a set of an old film. The lighting was dim and intimate. The whole place was like a big circle surrounding a small circle stage. There was a band playing old school jazz. That day I wore those shiny jeans that were in style back then, they were a metallic gray and I wore a thin clingy black sweater. There was a older gentleman in a gray suit at the door when I entered he said, “Good evening sister. Would you like the dining room?” I told him I was meeting someone there. He said, “Rigo?” Apparently he was a regular. He led me to a small circular booth in the middle of the restaurant near the stage. Rigo wasn’t there, but the gentleman assured me that is where he was sitting. I sat down and looked around. I like to observe people and locations. Zeeks is the kind of place that would make a great location for a film. I made a mental note of that. I wondered how much they would charge me to shoot there.

A few moments passed and I became a little impatient. There was a small fake flower arrangement on the table, a candle that wasn’t lit, and a little caddy with salt, pepper and sugar packets. I first segregated the packets. Then I moved the flowers to the other side of the candle. A waiter wearing the standard black slacks, white dress shirt and black bow tie stopped at my table and took the candle from me. He smiled and lit it for me. “Good evening, sista” I smiled and said hi. Then he just left. I guessed he wasn’t my server. Just as I wondered where is Rigo? He appeared looking quite handsome in brown slacks and a brown and crème shirt. He always looked neat and smooth like he came out of a GQ magazine.

“I see you found it. How do you like it?” He smiled and joined me in the booth. He had a smile that took ten years of his face. He looked his age, twenty-four, but when he smiled he looked boyish and very handsome. In the past month I had not remembered him so handsome. I must have been enthralled in work and school so much that he had slipped my mind.

“It’s nice. It has a nice vibe.“ I replied. He told me how he loved to come there and listen to the old jazz and just chill. We sat and talked a lot about every thing. Rigo was passionate about everything. He talked a great deal; sometimes I could barely get a word in. I was enjoying myself though. We had been sitting there for about two hours when he asked me did I want to dance. I had been nursing my amaretto sour so long the ice was melted. There were only a few couples on the small dance floor. One couple was old and they looked very much in love. I guess he saw me smiling at them and figured I wanted to dance. But I was just thinking how they looked so content. I wondered how long had they been in love? Would I ever feel like that?

“Do you wanna dance?” he asked. The tingles I felt when he took me in his arms surprised me. His hands splayed at the small of my back and his cheek was next to mine. My body responded to his strongly. I felt instantly aroused and I couldn’t believe my feelings. He whispered, “You smell good.” I could feel his breath on my ear. “So do you,” I replied. Then he moved so that he was looking in my eyes and his lips were inches from mine. “What do you call that?” he asked. “What,” I replied mesmerized. I did not know he was still referring to my perfume. “Your perfume,” “Oh, it’s French, it was a gift, I forget how you pronounce it C’est something,” he cut me off by kissing me then. His lips were soft and his kiss was passionate. I couldn’t believe we were having this moment in public. I had never been an exhibitionist. But even though I thought these things, I did not push him away. I kissed him back and surrendered to the moment, the jazz music, the candlelight, and my very first taste of Rigo.

He walked me to my car and we did not want to part. He invited me to his apartment several times. He told me he lived in Ann Arbor and that I should come see his house. He explained that it was not that far, and I could get on 94 downtown and take it west. I could follow him, or he would drive and bring me back. It took all my will power that night not to go to his home. Rigo was so manipulative. He always had a way of explaining something that was not a good idea and yet make it seem rational. But I refused him that night. I could not drive thirty-five miles to and from his house and still go to class the next morning. So we kissed once more. This kiss was even more intimate and deep than the kiss at the club. It was like we didn’t want to end it, as if we were at the airport saying our goodbyes. I agreed to visit his condo the coming Friday.

Next draft

Previous draft
About the Author

Devan Green is owner of Logos Palladia Publishing Company and writer of Her Confession, a romantic tragedy that takes you on a journey of passion, betrayal and survival.

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Distressed Jeans Holes Low Rise

January 23rd, 2010 admin No comments

House Session 2011-04-13 (17:43:08-18:52:27)

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Skinny Jeans Plus Size

January 23rd, 2010 admin No comments

skinny jeans plus size

tips to Get Plus Size clothing That Fits

Every woman wants to look her best and plus size women are no exception. There is no reason for plus size clothing not to be flattering and complimentary to your figure. When you look good you feel good, so be sure to choose clothes that fit you well and are comfortable. With all of the choices available for plus size women today, you may feel a bit intimidated or confused about what will look best on you. There’s no need with some simple tips you can have a wardrobe full of clothes that fit you and bring out the best in your figure.

Wear plus size clothing that actually fits you. Don’t make the mistake of thinking you need to wear clothes that hang off of you or are too big. This only makes you look bigger and sloppy. Choose clothing that is the correct size. If you’re unsure of what size you need ask the salesperson to measure you, use the size chart on a website or in a catalog.
Choose the right category. Are you tall, average or petite? Plus size clothing comes in all of these categories. Each one is cut to fit your particular body size. For example, petite clothing has a shorter inseam and tops are cut to fall just below your waist while tall clothing has a longer inseam and longer waist in tops and dresses.
Don’t be afraid of color. It used to be that plus size clothing came in only dark dreary colors because everyone thought black, navy and brown were slimming. What slims you down more than the colors you wear is how your clothing fits. If you like bold colors, wear them.
Watch the size of the patterns you wear. Plus size clothing doesn’t mean huge patterns. Really large patterns can make you look bigger so stay away from really big patterns especially if you are short or petite.
Avoid skinny pants unless you have skinny legs. Some plus size women can get away with skinny pants, but they do have a tendency to make your top half look bigger. Skinny pants don’t really look good on anyone unless they are a size 5 or below. Opt for bootleg jeans and straight leg pants instead; they will give you a much better fit and flattering silhouette.
Know your body type. Most plus size women fall into three categories; Apple, pear and curvy. Each body type will have styles of plus size clothing that looks the best on them.

Use these tips to get plus size clothing that fits you and flatters your figure. love the body you’re in and wear what you like. Fit and style is more important than color or size, so have fun and look great at the same time.

Find out more fabulous designs for plus size clothing for women

About the Author

Bottom Curvy Styles : How to Wear Skinny jeans for the Bottom Curvy Body

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Blue Jeans Information

January 23rd, 2010 admin No comments

blue jeans information

A historical view of denim jeans

Denim jeans have gone from being the worker’s pants to being the most commonly used fashion statement of today.

Most of us today own at least a couple of denim jeans which we wear often and usually keep using for years. Jeans has long been the most widely used piece of clothing that we wear all over the world and has over the last decade become one of the most commonly used means of creating a fashion statement. It was not that long ago that most people only wore Levi’s Strauss, Wrangler or Lee Jeans that did not change , but today hundreds of jeans designers and manufacturers are competing to create the latest and greatest back pocket design in jeans fashion that will capture the customers eye.

The word jean originally comes from the word jene – which is a conjugation of Genoa – the town in Italy where the fabric of denim jeans first was manufactured. The birthplace of denim jeans as we know them today was in San Francisco where Levi Strauss in eighteen seventy three started manufacturing and selling them together with a tailor named Jacob Davies. Jacob Davies was constantly buying pieces of cloth from Levi Strauss to do repairs on jeans – which was mostly used by miners because of the durable denim fabric. Davies came up with the idea to reinforce the pockets and other stitching by adding copper rivets to the jeans. Being a poor tailor in the American eighteen fifties west he could not afford to take out a patent on his invention and so went to Levi Strauss with the idea of going into business together. The rest is – as they say – history.

Before the nineteen fifties, denim jeans were most commonly only worn by workers because of their sturdiness and durable fabric. During the pop culture that developed during this period, American teenagers and young adults started wearing denim jeans as a mild protest against the common conformity.

During the next decade however, the nineteen sixties, the use of blue jeans as a clothing garment became more widely accepted and not a lot of statement was read into those who were wearing them. During the seventies, jeans had really become a standard in general fashion, at least when talking about informal wear.

During the latter part of the nineteen seventies, the denim jeans industry were further developed and revolutionized by the invention of the stone washing technique. This allowed to bringing jeans to a much larger consumer market because of the increased variety in colors and fabrics this technique allowed for. People of all ages started wearing them in almost all social occasions and events.

Today, the global market for denim jeans is a multibillion dollar industry with manufacturers popping up from all over the world. Yves Saint-Laurent has said that “I wish I had invented blue jeans: the most spectacular, the most practical, the most relaxed and nonchalant. They have expression, modesty, sex appeal, and simplicity – all I hope for in my clothes.” This kind of says it all – denim jeans are just as large a fashion statement as any other piece of clothing and will keep being so in the foreseeable future.

About the Author

Robb Stark is interested in fashion and clothing for all occasions. For more information please visit köp kläder and köp barnkläder.

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